Biología y Geología 4º ESO

 Biología Geología 4º ESO

Ya están traducidos los apuntes de Biología y Geología de 4º de ESO en inglés. Se han traducido de forma semiautomática y, como en otros cursos, tendrán errores.

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Biology and Geology 4th of ESO

• 1. The cell

  • 1.1. Levels of organization of living things

  • 1.2. Cell theory

  • 1.3. The cell

    • 1.3.1. Prokaryotic cell

    • 1.3.2. Eukaryotic cell

      • 1.3.2.1. Common organelles

      • 1.3.2.2. Organelles of the animal cell

      • 1.3.2.3. Plant cell organelles

  • 1.4. Cell nucleus

  • 1.5. Vital functions of cells

  • 1.6. Cellular cycle

    • 1.6.1. Mitosis

    1.6.1.1. Cytokinesis

    • 1.6.2. Meiosis

    • 1.6.2.1. Meiosis I. First meiotic division

    • 1.6.2.2. Meiosis II. Second meiotic division

    • 1.6.2.3. Result of meiosis

    • 1.6.3. Differences between mitosis and meiosis

    • 1.6.4. Biological importance of mitosis and meiosis

  • 1.7. Bibliography

• 2. Genetic information

  • 2.1. Nucleic acids

    • 2.1.1. DNA

    • 2.1.2. RNA

    • 2.1.3. Control fo protein synthesis

  • 2.2. DNA and molecular genetics

  • 2.3. Gene concept

  • 2.4. DNA replication

  • 2.5. Transcription from DNA to RNA

  • 2.6. Genetic code

  • 2.7. Translation of RNA to proteins

  • 2.8. Mutations. Relations evolution

  • 2.9. Biotechnology

  • 2.10. Genetic engineering: techniques and applications

    • 2.10.1. Cloning

    • 2.10.2. Human Genome Project

  • 2.11. Bioethics

  • 2.12. Bibliography

• 3. The biological inheritance

  • 3.1. The inheritance and transmission of characters

  • 3.2. Introduction and development of the Mendel´s Laws

    • 3.2.1. Mendel's first law

    • 3.2.2. Mendel's second law

    • 3.2.3. Mendel's third law

  • 3.3. Chromosomal basis of Mendel's Laws

    • 3.3.1. Exceptions to Mendel's laws

    • 3.3.2. Chromosomal theory of heredity

    • 3.3.3. Genetic concepts

    • 3.3.4. Types of inheritance

  • 3.4. Human genetics

    • 3.4.1. Inheritance of blood groups

    • 3.4.2. Sex inheritance

    • 3.4.3. Sex-linked inheritance

    • 3.4.4. Heritage influenced by sex

  • 3.5. Genetic problems solved

    • 3.5.1. Inheritance of a character (problems solved)

      • 3.5.1.1. Albinism (solved problems)

      • 3.5.1.2. Groups Rh (solved problems)

      • 3.5.1.3. Eye Color (solved problems)

        3.5.1.4. More inheritance problems of a caracter

        3.5.1.5. More inheritance problems of a caracter

        3.5.1.6. More inheritance problems or a character

        3.5.1.7. More inheritance problems or a character

    • 3.5.2. Inheritance of two characters (solved problems)

      • 3.5.2.1. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 2

      • 3.5.2.2. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 3

      • 3.5.2.3. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 4

      • 3.5.2.4. More two-character genetic inheritance solved problems 5

    • 3.5.3. Codominance and intermediate inheritance (solved problems)

      • 3.5.3.1. More codominance and intermediate inheritance problems 2

    • 3.5.4. Sex-linked inheritance (solved problems)

    • 3.5.4.1. Color blindness or daltonism (problems solved)

      • 3.5.4.1.1. More color blindness problems or daltonism

    • 3.5.4.2. Haemophilia (solved problems)

    • 3.5.4.3. Sex-linked inheritance (two characters)

    • 3.5.4.4. More sex-linked inheritance problems

    • 3.5.5. Heritage influenced by gender (solved problems)

    • 3.5.6. Multiple alleles (solved problems)

    • 3.5.6.1. AB0 Blood Groups (solved problems)

      • 3.5.6.1.1. More AB0 blood group problems solved 2

      • 3.5.6.1.2. More AB0 blood group problems solved 3

    • 3.5.7. Genealogical trees

      • 3.5.7.1. Family trees 2

      • 3.5.7.2. Family trees 3

  • 3.6. Bibliography

• 4. Origin and evolution of living beings

  • 4.1. Hypothesis about the origin of life on Earth

  • 4.2. Evolution of living beings

  • 4.3. Theories of evolution

    • 4.3.1. Lamarck

    • 4.3.2. Darwin and Wallace

    • 4.3.3. Neo-Darwinism

    • 4.3.4. Other evolutionary theories

  • 4.4. Evidences of evolution

    • 4.4.1. Anatomical evidence of evolution

    • 4.4.2. Embryological evidence of evolution

    • 4.4.3. Paleontological evidence of evolution

    • 4.4.4. Biogeographic evidence of evolution

    • 4.4.5. Biochemical evidence of evolution

  • 4.5. Mechanisms of evolution

    • 4.5.1. Genetic variability

    • 4.5.2. Natural selection

    • 4.5.3. Consequences of evolution

      • 4.5.3.1. Adaptation of organisms

      • 4.5.3.2. Speciation

      • 4.5.3.3. Species diversification

  • 4.6. Human evolution: the process of humanization

    • 4.6.1. Primates

    • 4.6.2. Hominids

    • 4.6.3. Humans

  • 4.7. Bibliography

• 5. The history of Earth

  • 5.1. The origin of the Earth

  • 5.2. Earth, a changing planet

  • 5.3. Geological time: historical ideas about the age of the Earth

  • 5.4. Dating Methods

    • 5.4.1. Relative dating

      • 5.4.1.1. Geological history exercises - relative dating

  • 5.4.2. Absolute dating

  • 5.5. Fossils

    • 5.5.1. Fossils in Aragon

  • 5.6. Geological history of Earth

  • 5.6.1. Precambrian

  • 5.6.2. Phanerozoic

    • 5.6.2.1. Paleozoic

    • 5.6.2.2. Mesozoic

    • 5.6.2.3. Cenozoic

  • 5.7. Bibliography

• 6. Structure and dynamics of the Earth

  • 6.1. Earth study methods

    • 6.1.1. Seismic discontinuities

  • 6.2. Structure and composition of the Earth

    • 6.2.1. Geochemical model

    • 6.2.2. Dynamic model

  • 6.3. Bibliography

• 7. Plate Tectonics

  • 7.1. From continental drift to plate tectonics

  • 7.1.1. Wegener continental drift

  • 7.2. Plate tectonics and its manifestations

  • 7.2.1. Lithospheric plates

  • 7.2.2. Ocean ridges

    • 7.2.2.1. Expansion of the ocean floor

  • 7.2.3. Oceanic trenches

  • 7.2.4. Transforming faults

  • 7.2.5. Formation of mountain ranges

  • 7.3. The Wilson cycle

  • 7.4. Rock deformation

    • 7.4.1. Folds

    • 7.4.2. Faults

    • 7.4.3. Diaclases or joints

    • 7.4.4. Mixed structures

  • 7.5. Bibliography

• 8. Ecosystems

  • 8.1. Ecosystem structure

    • 8.1.1. Types of ecosystems

      • 8.1.1.1. Aquatic ecosystems

      • 8.1.1.2. Terrestrial ecosystems

        • 8.1.1.2.1. Urban ecosystems

  • 8.2. Components of the ecosystem: community and biotope

    • 8.2.1. Biotope

    • 8.2.2. Biocenosis or community

  • 8.3. Habitat and ecological niche

  • 8.4. Limiting factors and adaptations

  • 8.5. Tolerance limit

  • 8.6. Trophic levels

  • 8.7. Trophic relationships: chains and networks

  • 8.8. Ecological pyramids

  • 8.9. Self-regulation ecosystem, population and community

    • 8.9.1. Intra and interspecific relationships

  • 8.10. Matter cycle and energy flow

  • 8.11. Biogeochemical cycles

    • 8.11.1. Carbon cycle

    • 8.11.2. Nitrogen cycle

    • 8.11.3. Phosphorus cycle

  • 8.12. Ecological successions

  • 8.13. Bibliography

• 9. Resources and environmental impacts

• 9.1. Human activity and the environment

• 9.2. Natural resources and their types

• 9.3. Environmental impacts

  • 9.3.1. Air pollution

    • 9.3.1.1. Air pollutants

    • 9.3.1.2. Acid rain

    • 9.3.1.3. The smog

    • 9.3.1.4. Ozone layer hole

    • 9.3.1.5. Increased greenhouse effect

    • 9.3.1.6. Climate change

  • 9.3.2. Noise pollution

  • 9.3.3. Light pollution

  • 9.3.4. Water contamination

    • 9.3.4.1. Water pollutants

    • 9.3.4.2. Water eutrophication

    • 9.3.4.3. Aquifer reduction

• 9.4. Soil

  • 9.4.1. Soil contamination

• 9.5. Major environmental problems of Aragon

• 9.6. Overpopulation and its consequences

• 9.7. Waste and its management

• 9.8. Bibliography and student work